Implications of the transportation literature for physical activity and related research are outlined. Environmental variables appear to add to variance accounted for beyond sociodemographic predictors of walking/cycling for transport. Neighborhood comparison and correlational studies with nonmotorized transport outcomes are considered, with evidence suggesting that residents from communities with higher density, greater connectivity, and more land use mix report higher rates of walking/cycling for utilitarian purposes than low-density, poorly connected, and single land use neighborhoods. In this review, neighborhood environment characteristics proposed to be relevant to walking/cycling for transport are defined, including population density, connectivity, and land use mix. Constructs, methods, and findings from these fields can be applied by physical activity and health researchers to improve understanding of environmental influences on physical activity. Such an understanding, reflected in city building, will provide a major structure for urban and metro politan form, an environment capable of supporting physiolog ical man, and the basis for an art of city building which will e.read more read lessĪbstract: Research in transportation, urban design, and planning has examined associations between physical environment variables and individuals' walking and cycling for transport. An understanding of natural processes should be reflected in the attribution of value to the constituents of these natural processes. Yet there is a need and place for nature in the city of man. In existing cities, the instincts of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century city builders, reflected in the pattern of existing urban open space, have been superseded by a modern process which disdains nature and seems motivated by a belief in salvation through stone alone. In that anarchy which constitutes urban growth, wherein the major prevailing values are short-term economic determinism, the image of nature is attributed little or no value. Abstract: Unparalleled urban growth is pre-empting a million acres of rural lands each year and transforming these into the sad emblems of contemporary urbanism.
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